Combining anodic alcohol oxidative coupling for C-C bond formation with cathodic ammonia production.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols using heterogeneous catalysts is a promising aqueous, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly approach, especially for coupling different alcohols to prolong the carbon chain via co-oxidation. Precisely regulating critical steps to tailor electrode materials and electrolyte composition is key to selectively coupling alcohols for targeted synthesis. However, selectively coupling different alcohols remains challenging due to the lack of effective catalyst and electrolyte design promoting specific pathways. Herein, we demonstrate a paired electrolysis strategy for combining anodic oxidative coupling of ethanol (EtOH) and benzyl alcohol (PhCH2OH) to synthesize cinnamaldehyde (CAL) and cathodic ammonia production. The strategies involve: (i) utilizing the salt-out effect to balance selective oxidation and coupling rates; (ii) developing platinum-loaded nickel hydroxide electrocatalysts to accelerate intermediate coupling kinetics; (iii) introducing thermodynamically favorable nitrate reduction at the cathode to improve coupling selectivity by avoiding hydrogenation of products while generating valuable ammonia instead of hydrogen. We achieved 85% coupling selectivity and 278 µmol/h NH3 productive rate at 100 mA/cm2 with a low energy input (∼1.63 V). The membrane-free, low energy, scalable approach with a wide substrate scope highlights promising applications of this methodology. This work advances heterogeneous electrocatalytic synthesis through rational design principles that integrate anodic oxidative coupling with cathodic nitrate reduction reactions, having synergistic effects on efficiency and selectivity.

Synthesis, Structures and Properties of Trioxa[9]circulene and Diepoxycyclononatrinaphthalene.

This article presents trioxa[9]circulene (3) as a novel member of hetero[n]circulenes. Its synthesis began with the synthesis of dimethoxydioxa[8]helicene (5) and used dimethoxydiepoxycyclononatrinaphthalene (4) as a key intermediate, despite the condensation reaction predominantly yielding a 1,4-addition byproduct. The structures and properties of 3-5 were extensively investigated using experimental and computational methods. Analysis of the crystal structures reveal elongation of the internal C-C bonds in the nine-membered ring of 3 compared to 4 and 5. Computational studies demonstrate the remarkable flexibility of trioxa[9]circulene's saddle-shaped polycyclic framework, while the other two compounds are rigid with large racemization barriers. Optically pure forms of 4 and 5 exhibit absorption and luminescence dissymmetry factors on the order of 10-2, with smaller values observed for compound 4. In the crystal structures, molecules of 3 stack to form columns with remarkable π-π overlap, and the π-π interactions of 4 exhibit short intermolecular C-to-C contacts. Consequently, the solution-processed film of 4 functioned as a p-type organic semiconductor in field effect transistors.

FGF4 protects the liver from immune-mediated injury by activating CaMKKß-PINK1 signal pathway to inhibit hepatocellular apoptosis.

Immune-mediated liver injury (ILI) is a condition where an aberrant immune response due to various triggers causes the destruction of hepatocytes. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) was recently identified as a hepatoprotective cytokine; however, its role in ILI remains unclear. In patients with autoimmune hepatitis (type of ILI) and mouse models of concanavalin A (ConA)- or S-100-induced ILI, we observed a biphasic pattern in hepatic FGF4 expression, characterized by an initial increase followed by a return to basal levels. Hepatic FGF4 deficiency activated the mitochondria-associated intrinsic apoptotic pathway, aggravating hepatocellular apoptosis. This led to intrahepatic immune hyper-reactivity, inflammation accentuation, and subsequent liver injury in both ILI models. Conversely, administration of recombinant FGF4 reduced hepatocellular apoptosis and rectified immune imbalance, thereby mitigating liver damage. The beneficial effects of FGF4 were mediated by hepatocellular FGF receptor 4, which activated the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinasekinase 2 (CaMKKß) and its downstream phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-dependent B-cell lymphoma 2-like protein 1-isoform L (Bcl-XL) signalling axis in the mitochondria. Hence, FGF4 serves as an early response factor and plays a protective role against ILI, suggesting a therapeutic potential of FGF4 and its analogue for treating clinical immune disorder-related liver injuries.

Effects of clinical nursing pathway on the surgical site wound infection in patients undergoing knee or hip replacement surgery: A meta-analysis.

To explore the effect of clinical nursing pathway on wound infection in patients undergoing knee or hip replacement surgery. Computerised searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were conducted, from database inception to September 2023, on the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of application of clinical nursing pathway to patients undergoing knee and hip arthroplasty. Literature was screened and evaluated by two researchers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were extracted from the final included literature. RevMan 5.4 software was employed for data analysis. Overall, 48 RCTs involving 4139 surgical patients were included, including 2072 and 2067 in the clinical nursing pathway and routine nursing groups, respectively. The results revealed, compared with routine nursing, the use of clinical nursing pathways was effective in reducing the rate of complications (OR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.14-0.21, p < 0.001) and wound infections (OR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.16-0.51, p < 0.001), shortens the hospital length of stay (MD = -4.11, 95%CI: -5.40 to -2.83, p < 0.001) and improves wound pain (MD = -1.34, 95%CI: -1.98 to -0.70, p < 0.001); it also improve patient satisfaction (OR = 7.13, 95%CI: 4.69-10.85, p < 0.001). The implementation of clinical nursing pathways in clinical care after knee or hip arthroplasty can effectively reduce the incidence of complications and wound infections, and also improve the wound pain, while also improving treatment satisfaction so that patients can be discharged from the hospital as soon as possible.

The Changing and Predicted Trends in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Burden in China, the United States, and India from 1990 to 2030.

Background: This study analyzed the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China, the United States, and India from 1990 to 2019 and projected the trends for the next decade. Methods: This study utilized the GBD 2019 to compare the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, and the proportion attributed to different risk factors in China, the United States, and India. Joinpoint models and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were employed to capture the changing trends in disease burden and forecast outcomes. Results: From 1990 to 2019, China's age-standardized COPD incidence and mortality rates decreased by 29% and 70%, respectively. In the same period, India's rates decreased by 8% and 33%, while the United States saw an increase of 9% in COPD incidence and a 22% rise in mortality rates. Smoking and ambient particulate matter pollution are the two most significant risk factors for COPD, while household air pollution from solid fuels and low temperatures are the least impactful factors in the United States and India, respectively. The proportion of risk from household air pollution from solid fuels is higher in India than in China and the United States. Predictions for 2030 suggest that the age-standardized DALY rates, ASIR, and ASMR in the United States and India are expected to remain stable or decrease, while China's age-standardized incidence rate is projected to rise. Conclusion: Over the past three decades, the incidence of COPD has been decreasing in China and India, while showing a slight increase in the United States. Smoking and ambient particulate matter pollution are the primary risk factors for men and women, respectively. The risk of household air pollution from solid fuels in India needs attention.

Multicenter study of seasonal and regional airborne allergens in Chinese preschoolers with allergic rhinitis.

This study is nationwide multicenter epidemiological research, aimed at investigating the distribution changes and seasonal patterns of various airborne allergens among preschool children with allergic rhinitis (AR) in different regions of China, and analyzing the clinical correlation between sensitization to various airborne allergens and AR symptoms in children. Information on children was collected through standard questionnaires, and total IgE (tIgE) and specific IgE (sIgE) for 11 inhalant allergens were tested. The results showed that dust mites are the primary allergens for preschool AR children (39%). Among pollen allergens, Amb a had the highest positivity rate (8.1%), followed by Art v (7.8%). The sensitization rates for two mites peaked in May (46.9% and 40.6%). Art v peaked in August (21.5%), while Amb a had peaks in May (12.7%) and August (17.8%). The sensitization peaks for various tree pollens mainly occurred in August. In the Eastern monsoon region, the sensitization rate to mites was significantly higher than in the Northwest arid and semi-arid regions; whereas, for pollen allergens, the sensitization rates to Amb a, Pla a, Pin a, Pop d, and Bet v were significantly higher in the Northwest arid and semi-arid regions than in the Eastern monsoon region. The correlation among various tree pollens, specifically between Pla a, Pin r, Pop d, and Bet v was strong (0.63 ~ 0.79), with a cross-overlapping percentage of 53.9%. Children with multiple pollen sensitizations had higher cumulative nasal symptom scores than those negative for pollen (P < 0.01). Children with only pollen sensitization had higher cumulative rhinitis symptom scores than the all-negative group (P < 0.0001) and the mite-only sensitization group [P < 0.05], while the mite-only sensitization group also had higher scores than the all-negative group [P < 0.05], and the group sensitized to both pollen and mites had lower scores than the pollen-only group [P < 0.05]. This study indicates that sensitization to mites and grass pollens exhibits significant regional differences, with grass pollen allergies primarily occurring in autumn, sensitization to pollens in general exhibits a pronounced seasonal pattern. Moreover, pollen sensitization aggravates nasal and ocular symptoms in AR children.

A retrospective comparison of Sun's tip-flexible semirigid ureterorenoscopy, super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureteroscopy applied to treat upper urinary tract calculi.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of Sun's tip-flexible semirigid ureterorenoscopy (tf-URS), super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP) and flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) in treating upper urinary tract calculi, including upper ureteral or renal calculi. METHODS: We included patients with upper ureteral calculi or renal calculi 1.0-2.0 cm in size, who underwent tf-URS, SMP or FURS, respectively. The indicators reflecting safety and efficacy were compared among the three surgical techniques. RESULTS: SMP presented with higher single stone crushing success rate, but longer operation time and postoperative hospital stay, more blood loss, and higher postoperative pain score compared with FURS and tf-URS (P < 0.05). The hospitalization cost of tf-URS group was lower than that of SMP and FURS groups (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative fever in tf-URS group was significantly higher than that in SMP group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in mucosal injury, perirenal hematoma, and stone-free rate at 3 months after surgery (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: tf-URS and FURS have the advantages in minimal invasion, hospitalization cost, patient comfort, and hospital stay while SMP has higher stone-free rate. These three surgical techniques are safe, reliable and complementary, which should be selected according to the actual situation.

Inhibition of NFAT5-Dependent Astrocyte Swelling Alleviates Neuropathic Pain.

Astrocyte swelling is implicated in various neurological disorders. However, whether astrocyte swelling contributes to neuropathic pain remains elusive. This study elucidates the pivotal role of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) emerges as a master regulator of astrocyte swelling in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) during neuropathic pain. Despite the ubiquitous expression of NFAT5 protein in SDH cell types, it selectively induces swelling specifically in astrocytes, not in microglia. Mechanistically, NFAT5 directly controls the expression of the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a key regulator exclusive to astrocytes. Additionally, aurora kinase B (AURKB) orchestrates NFAT5 phosphorylation, enhancing its protein stability and nuclear translocation, thereby regulating AQP4 expression. The findings establish NFAT5 as a crucial regulator for neuropathic pain through the modulation of astrocyte swelling. The AURKB-NFAT5-AQP4 pathway in astrocytes emerges as a potential therapeutic target to combat neuropathic pain.

Active smectics on a sphere.

The dynamics of active smectic liquid crystals confined on a spherical surface is explored through an active phase field crystal model. Starting from an initially randomly perturbed isotropic phase, several types of topological defects are spontaneously formed, and then annihilate during a coarsening process until a steady state is achieved. The coarsening process is highly complex involving several scaling laws of defect densities as a function of time where different dynamical exponents can be identified. In general the exponent for the final stage towards the steady state is significantly larger than that in the passive and in the planar case, i.e. the coarsening is getting accelerated both by activity and by the topological and geometrical properties of the sphere. A defect type characteristic for this active system is a rotating spiral of evolving smectic layering lines. On a sphere this defect type also determines the steady state. Our results can in principle be confirmed by dense systems of synthetic or biological active particles.

Lung ultrasound score as a tool to predict severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates born ≤25 weeks of gestational age.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to evaluate whether the addition of the posterior lung aided in diagnostic accuracy of predicting bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) vs moderate-severe BPD (msBPD); the secondary aim was to explore the diagnostic accuracy of two protocols for BPD vs msBPD. STUDY DESIGN: This was a single-center prospective observational study. Preterm infants with a gestational age ≤ 25 weeks were included. Two LUS score protocols were evaluated on the 14th day of life (DOL): (A) evaluating the anterolateral (LUS score-al) lung and (B) the anterolateral combined with posterior (LUS score-alp) lung. The LUS score range for the two protocols was 0-32 and 0-48, respectively. RESULTS: A total of eighty-nine infants were enrolled. Both the LUS score-al and LUS score-alp were higher in neonates developing BPD and msBPD than in the rest of the cohort (LUS score-al 24 (23,26) vs 22 (20,23); LUS score-alp 36 (34,39) vs 28 (25,32)) (LUS score-al 25 (24,26) vs 23 (21,24); LUS score-alp 40 (39,40) vs 34 (28,36)). The LUS score-al on the 14th DOL showed a moderate diagnostic accuracy to predict BPD and msBPD (AUC 95% CI: 0.797 [0.697-0.896]; 0.811[0.713-0.909]), while the LUS score-alp significantly improved diagnostic accuracy of BPD and msBPD (AUC 95% CI: 0.902 [0.834-0.970]; 0.922 [0.848-0.996]). A cutoff of 25 points in the LUS score-al provided a sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of 76.9%, 79.4%, 3.7, and 0.3 respectively to predict msBPD. Meanwhile, that of 39 points in the LUS score-alp provided a sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of 81%, 98.4%, 50.5 and 0.19 to predict msBPD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The LUS score on the 14th DOL can predict BPD and msBPD with moderate diagnostic accuracy. Apart from that, scanning posterior enhanced diagnostic accuracy.

Study of Allergy and Sensitization Relationship in Children and Parents in Southern China.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of allergic diseases has increased globally, with genetics playing an essential role in these conditions' development. However, there is still a gap in understanding of how parental allergy status affects children's allergies. METHODS: An electronic questionnaire was used to assess allergy-related symptoms in kindergarten children and their parents, with a clinical diagnosis and concurrent serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), total IgE, and blood cell counts obtained. RESULTS: 88 family groups were enrolled, with allergy prevalence of 85.2% in children, 50% in fathers, and 42% in mothers. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was the most common allergic disease. When the mother had an allergy, the children's allergy diagnosis rate was 91.3%; 86.67% when the father had an allergy; and 85.71% when both parents had allergies. The child sensitization rate was 78.26% when the father had sensitization, 59.09% just as the mother had sensitization, and 84.21% when both parents had sensitization. Paternal allergies affected children's quality of life due to allergic rhinitis but not their rhinitis symptoms. Maternal allergies or sensitization did not significantly affect children's symptoms or quality-of-life scores. CONCLUSION: The study found a positive correlation between childhood and parental allergies, and further studies are needed to confirm the findings.

Celebrating 60 Years of The Chinese University of Hong Kong: Research Highlights in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

Recent breakthroughs and advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have profoundly impacted young-generation education, accelerated knowledge transfer to enhance the quality of life, and improved environmental and economic sustainability. The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), a globally recognized education and research institute, has played a crucial role in promoting major strategic research directions in nanoscience, including translational biomedicine and information and automation technology, as well as environment and sustainability. To celebrate the 60th Anniversary of CUHK, we present this Virtual Issue that showcases the cutting-edge research at CUHK published in ACS Nano.

Electrosprayed hierarchical mesoporous Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres as promising High-Performance anode for Potassium-Ion batteries.

NASICON-structured Ti-based polyanion compounds benefit from a stable structural framework, large ion channels, and fast ion mobility. However, the large radius of potassium and its poor electronic conductivity restrict its use in potassium-ion batteries. Herein, hierarchical mesoporous Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres have been successfully synthesized using a simple electrospraying method. These microspheres consist of Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3 nanoparticles evenly embedded in three-dimensional mesoporous carbon microspheres. The hierarchical mesoporous micro/nanostructure facilitates the rapid insertion and extraction of K+, while the three-dimensional carbon microspheres matrix enhances electrical conductivity and prevents active materials from collapsing during cycling. So the hierarchical mesoporous Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres exhibit a high reversible discharge specific capacity (306 mA h g-1 at 20 mA g-1), a notable rate capability (123 mA h g-1 at 5000 mA g-1), and exceptional cycle performance (148 mA h g-1 at 500 mA g-1 after 1000 cycles). The results show that electrosprayed Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres are a promising anode for PIBs.

Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis of rats under neuropathic pain and pain-related depression.

Neuropathic pain often leads to negative emotions, which in turn can enhance the sensation of pain. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms mediating neuropathic pain and negative emotions. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats were used as model animals and behavioral tests were conducted to assess pain and negative emotions. Then, the rat anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS and subsequently integrated with our previously published transcriptome data. Metabolomics analysis revealed that 68 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified, mainly in amino acid metabolites and fatty acyls. Combined with our previously published transcriptome data, we predicted two genes that potentially exhibited associations with these metabolites, respectively Apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 (Apold1) and WAP four-disulfide core domain 1 (Wfdc1). Taken together, our results indicated that peripheral nerve injury contributing to neuropathic pain and pain-related depression may be associated with these metabolites and genes. This research provides new insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism, which could serve as a reference for the treatment of neuropathic pain and pain-related depression.

Mesoporous alloy chiral nanoparticles with high production yield and strong optical activities.

Applying galvanic replacement reactions (GRRs) to the host chiral nanoparticles (CNPs) is an exclusive method to generate alloy CNPs with mesoporous structures through chirality transfer. However, the GRR-mediated chirality transfer is too inefficient to impose strong optical activities on the alloy mesoporous CNPs (or m-CNPs). Here we dope the host with gold (Au) to significantly enhance the chirality transfer, and additionally employ the Au adhesion layer to increase the production yield (PY) of binary m-CNPs.

Effects of evidence-based nursing in preventing pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients: A meta-analysis.

To systematically analyse the effects of evidence-based nursing (EBN) in preventing the development of pressure ulcers (PUs) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We conducted a computerised search of the Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang databases for randomised controlled trials on the prevention of PUs in ICU patients by EBN, published before the respective databases were established until September 2023. Two investigators independently performed literature screening, data extraction and quality assessment. A meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0. Eighteen papers were included, comprising 2593 patients, of whom 1297 and 1296 received EBN and conventional nursing, respectively. The incidence of PUs was 2.70% and 12.04% in the EBN and conventional nursing groups, respectively. Meta-analysis showed a statistically significantly lower incidence of PUs in the EBN group than that in the conventional nursing group (risk ratio = 0.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.32, p < 0.001). EBN interventions are more effective than conventional nursing in preventing PUs in ICU patients. However, since the literature included in this study was from China, the conclusions require further confirmation via higher-quality studies.

Significant Enhancement of Circular Polarization in Light Emission through Controlling Helical Pitches of Semiconductor Nanohelices.

Circularly polarized light emission (CPLE) can be potentially applied to three-dimensional displays, information storage, and biometry. However, these applications are practically limited by a low purity of circular polarization, i.e., the small optical dissymmetry factor gCPLE. Herein, glancing angle deposition (GLAD) is performed to produce inorganic nanohelices (NHs) to generate CPLE with large gCPLE values. CdSe NHs emit red CPLE with gCPLE = 0.15 at a helical pitch (P) ≈ 570 nm, having a 40-fold amplification of gCPLE compared to that at P ≈ 160 nm. Ceria NHs emit ultraviolet-blue CPLE with gCPLE ≈ 0.06 at P ≈ 830 nm, with a 103-fold amplification compared to that at P ≈ 110 nm. Both the photoluminescence and scattering among the close-packed NHs complicatedly account for the large gCPLE values, as revealed by the numerical simulations. The GLAD-based NH-fabrication platform is devised to generate CPLE with engineerable color and large gCPLE = 10-2-10-1, shedding light on the commercialization of CPLE devices.

Allergy patient-specific IgE antibody shows significantly stability during 3 months of storage at multiple temperatures from -80 to 25°C.

The detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies is an important biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of allergic diseases. And the pre-analytical phase is an important part of the overall quality of the laboratory. In this study, 44 patients with allergic diseases (including 23 patients with allergic rhinitis, 12 patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma, and 9 patients with allergic dermatitis) were included in the outpatient center of the Department of Allergy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. We mixed the serums of the above 44 patients (approximately 0.8 ml of serum volume per patient) into a large volume of serum pool (about 35 ml in total) and divided into 26 parts. And 26 serum samples were stored at 4 different temperatures for 90 days to observe the stability of sIgE antibodies to 16 allergens in serum. The results show that serum sIgE antibody titers in patients with allergic diseases show significant stability during 90 days of storage, even at room temperature. Good stability even after up to 10 freeze-thaw cycles under low temperature storage conditions.

Morphological and radiological features of congenital muscular hypertrophy of the upper limb: experience from a tertiary institution.

Congenital muscular hypertrophy is a rare overgrowth disorder in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase related spectrum. In the past 3 years, ten patients with 11 limbs involved were treated in our centre. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and radiological deformities of these patients. We documented the characteristic clinical morphological changes, such as hypertrophy, loss of wrist flexion, thumb hyperabduction, finger deviation and skin crease changes in the palm. Radiologically, the mean first metacarpal radial deviation angle of the affected side measured 55° (range 34 to 67) compared to the normal contralateral side 42° (range 32 to 53). The mean intermetacarpal space ratio was 1.2 (range 1.1 to 1.4) and the mean palm width ratio was 1.2 (range 1.1 to 1.3). In this study, we were able to further characterize the radiological and morphological changes of congenital muscular hypertrophy of upper limbs, which would be helpful for establishing the diagnosis and monitor treatment of this rare condition.Level of evidence: IV.

Diameter of ductus arteriosus on postnatal Day 7 is associated with late pulmonary hypertension in extremely preterm infants.

OBJECTIVES: A clinically feasible biomarker for pulmonary hypertension (PH) prediction is still lacking. Thus, we aim to assess the association between ductus arteriosus (DA) diameter and PH in extremely preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study was performed to compare the diameter of DA in infants with and without late PH. Propensity scores were calculated to match the gestational age in two groups with a match ratio of 1:2. The diameter of DA was measured by echocardiography on postnatal Days 3 and 7. RESULTS: A total of 91 infants were included in the study. The diagnosis of late PH was made in 32 infants between postnatal life of 28-159 days. Univariable analysis showed that late PH was associated with birth weight, invasive mechanical ventilation, hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA), duration of PDA exposure, the rate of surgical ligation, and diameter of DA on postnatal Days 3 and 7. After adjusting for these selected factors, the diameter of DA measured on postnatal Day 7 was independently associated with the risk of late PH (odds ratios: 5.511, 95% confidence interval: 1.552-19.562, p = .008). Receiver operator curve analysis indicated that 1.95 mm in DA diameter on postnatal Day 7 was the cutoff value for late PH with an area under the curve of 0.697. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that DA diameter (larger than or equal to 1.95 mm) on postnatal Day 7 might serve as a predictor for late PH in extremely preterm infants.